New Job New Airplane
By OffRoadPilots
Initial pilot training is a comprehensive and
structured program designed to provide aspiring pilots
with the knowledge, skills, and experience necessary to
operate an aircraft safely and efficiently. The
specific training requirements and process can vary
depending on the type of pilot license or certificate
one is pursuing, such as a private pilot license,
commercial pilot license, or airline transport pilot
license, but they all start at the same level: Getting
the private pilot license on a single engine aircraft.
There are several
types of pilot
permits, licenses
issued and the
requirements for
each are different.
In addition, there
are licenses issued
to persons in the
aviation industry
other than pilots.
The most common licenses are the Private Pilot License,
Aeroplane or Helicopter, Commercial Pilot License,
Aeroplane or Helicopter, and Airline Transport Pilot
License, Aeroplane. In addition to licenses, multi-
engine rating, instrument flight rule rating, night
flying rating, flight instructor rating and seaplane
rating are issued to qualified licensed pilots.
A flight crew license may be credited with flying
experience recorded in a personal logbook or other
certified record of flying experience. Experienceobtained during training may be credited towards the
experience requirements for license issue as per the
regulations.
The medical standards for Civil Aviation Flight Crew
Licenses have been established in accordance with the
International Standards and Recommended Practices of
the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Medical fitness is normally established by means of a
medical examination conducted by a Civil Aviation
Medical Examiner (CAME). The frequency of medical
reports are determined by the age of the applicant and
the type of license being applied for.
For the initial issue of a Commercial or higher type
license, additional medical reports are required as
specified in the regulations. Medical fitness must be
determined before an applicant may write the
examinations or undergo the flight test. Private Pilot
applicants who intend to proceed to higher type
licenses are encouraged to provide all required medical
documents early in their training to ensure medical
fitness for future training towards the higher license.
Knowledge is normally established by the satisfactory
completion of written examinations, although there are
some exceptions such as land or sea ratings.
Examinations must be written within 24 months of
applying for the permit or license.
The level of formal education for the issue of flight
crew permits or licenses is not specifically defined,
however, an individual must be able to read the examination questions and write the answers in one of the official languages.
Experience is the
specified flight or
instrument flight
time required for the
issue of a permit,
license, or rating.
Such time must be
entered in a personal
logbook, pilot
training record or
some other acceptable record. Attention must be paid
not only to the total time required for the permit,
license, or rating, but also to the individual specific
requirements included in the total time.
Skill is demonstrated by a flight test and a statement
of competency. ICAO is a specialized agency at the United Nations.
Accordingly, Member States of the United Nations which
have ratified the Convention of International Civil
Aviation are referred to as Contracting States. ICAO,
through the participation of Contracting States,
established International Standards and Recommended
Practices relating to various aspects of aviation such
as flight crew licensing, aircraft nationality and
registration marks, air traffic services, search and
rescue, etc.
Obtaining a private pilot license is a comprehensive
task, it takes determination, and it is time consuming.Ground School: Pilot training typically begins with
ground school, where students learn the theoretical
aspects of aviation. This includes subjects like
aerodynamics, navigation, meteorology, aircraft
systems, regulations, and air traffic control
procedures.
Flight Training: Flight training is a crucial part of
becoming a pilot. It involves hands-on instruction in
an actual aircraft. Students learn how to operate the
aircraft, perform maneuvers, take off, land, and handle
emergency situations.
Simulator Training: Some pilot training programs
include simulator training, which allows students to
practice flying in a controlled environment. Simulators
can replicate a wide range of aircraft and conditions.
Simulator training hours are not credited towards a
private pilot license.
Solo Flights: As students progress in their training,
they typically complete a series of solo flights, where
they fly the aircraft without an instructor on board.
This is a significant milestone in pilot training. In
the past, students have flown solo before they reach
ten hour of dual training with an instructor, while
others have taken more time.
Written Exams: Throughout the training process,
students must pass written exams to demonstrate their
knowledge of aviation theory and regulations.
Checkrides: To earn a pilot's license or certificate,
students must pass a practical test known as a
checkride. During the checkride, an examiner evaluatesthe pilot's skills and knowledge, both in the aircraft
and on the ground.
License: Once a student successfully completes all the
required training, exams, and checkrides, they will be
awarded the appropriate pilot license, such as a
private pilot license (PPL), commercial pilot license
(CPL), or airline transport pilot license (ATPL).
Ongoing Training: After obtaining their initial pilot
certification, many pilots continue to receive
recurrent training to maintain and enhance their
skills. This is especially applicable to airline pilots
and those in other commercial aviation roles.
The specific training requirements and duration vary
depending on the type of aircraft, and the level of
certification being pursued. Overall, initial pilot
training is a rigorous and thorough process designed to
ensure the safety and competence of those who operate
aircraft.
The next step is normally to upgrade from a single-
engine pilot to a multi-engine pilot and involves
additional training and certification to operate
aircraft with multiple engines.
Multi-engine training often starts with ground school.
This training is about the principles, systems, and
procedures specific to multi-engine aircraft. Operating
a multi-engine aircraft is different since there are
two lines of thrust pulling the aircraft forward. These
two lines must be in harmony for an airplane to
maintain directional control.
In addition to the
theory about multi-
engine flying, the
actual hands-on
flight training in a
multi-engine aircraft
is a significant part
of the upgrade
process. Flight
training is how to
operate and control
an aircraft with
multiple engines during normal and emergency
conditions. The program includes practicing various
flight maneuvers, such as single-engine operations,
engine-out procedures, and multi-engine handling.
Emergency procedures and system management are crucial
aspects of the training.
The final step is the multi-engine checkride, with a
designated pilot examiner. During the checkride a
candidate must demonstrate knowledge and skills in
flight maneuvers, emergency procedures, and system
operation. A candidate must also show their ability to
handle single-engine operations. When selecting a
multi-engine flight school ensure that all their one-
engine out procedures are performed aloft.
After obtaining the multi-engine rating, it's important
to continue training and gain experience. Flying multi-
engine aircraft requires ongoing proficiency and
recurrent training.Upgrading from flying piston-engine aircraft to turbine engine aircraft is a significant step in a pilot's
career. Turbine engines are operating by different
principles than piston engines.
Turbine engines, also known as gas turbine engines or
jet engines, operate on the principle of continuous
airflow and combustion. Air is continuously drawn into
the engine, compressed, mixed with fuel, ignited, and
then expelled at high velocity to produce thrust or
mechanical power. Turbine engines are generally used in
large aircraft.
Piston engines, also called reciprocating engines, work
on the principle of reciprocating motion. They have
pistons that move up and down within cylinders, and the
combustion process occurs within the cylinders. This
reciprocating motion drives a crankshaft, converting
linear motion into rotary motion to produce power.
Piston engines are commonly used in small aircraft.
Operating a turbine-powered airplane requires
specialized training and a pilot's license, typically a
Commercial Pilot Certificate or an Airline Transport
Pilot (ATP) Certificate, depending on the size and type
of the aircraft.
Enroll in a flight training program that offers
instruction on turbine-powered aircraft. A candidate
may need to complete a type rating course for the
specific aircraft they plan to operate.
Before each flight, perform a thorough pre-flight
inspection of the aircraft. This includes checking the
engine, control surfaces, landing gear, and varioussystems to ensure everything is in proper working
order.
Plan the flight,
taking into account
factors such as
weather conditions,
air traffic, fuel
requirements, and any
applicable
regulations. File a
flight plan with the
appropriate aviation
authority.
Follow the aircraft's specific checklist and procedures
for starting the turbine engine. Several engine
instruments need to be monitored simultaneously when starting a turbine engine.
Align the aircraft on the runway and smoothly apply
power to the turbine engine. A rapid increase in
throttle controls could cause an engine to overheat
with catastrophic engine consequences. Inter Turbine
Temperature must be maintained within limits and is
sensitive to the current outside air temperature and
runway elevation.
Follow the aircraft's performance charts and
recommended climb and cruise settings to maintain
engine within performance limits.
While it is acceptable for a turbine engine aircraft to
reduce power to idle and descent at a high rate of
descent, plan a descent well in advance of thedestination. Follow standard procedures for a controlled descent and approach to the airport.
After landing follow the aircraft's shutdown
procedures, including shutting down the turbine engine
and securing the aircraft. There are temperature
limitations for shutting down, which also vary with
outside air temperature.
Always follow the aircraft's manufacturer's
recommendations, the operating manual, and any
regulations set by aviation authorities. Additionally,
ongoing recurrent training and proficiency checks are
typically required to maintain qualifications for
operating turbine-powered aircraft.
A flying career flying the passenger jets may go on for
30-35 years. After retirement airline pilots may wish
to take on other non-passenger operations flying jobs.
These jobs most often are in smaller aircraft and
single pilot operations. It is expected that an
experienced airline pilot should be able to take on any
job and fly any aircraft without any further
transitional training. Just as a pilot needs additional
training when transitioning to larger and more complex
aircraft, a pilot also needs transitional training when
going to smaller and less complex aircraft. Humans are
creatures of habits and habits developed in large and
complex aircraft may not be suitable for a smaller
airplane.
A core principle of training is to link known
information to new information. This principle is also
applied when moving from complex to less complexity.The learning principle of linking from known to unknown
is a cognitive strategy that involves building on
existing knowledge or concepts to understand and
acquire new information or skills. It's based on the
idea that learners can more effectively grasp and
retain new material by connecting it to what they
already know. This approach is also commonly referred
to as "prior knowledge activation" or "scaffolding."
Before introducing new information, or old information
learned several years ago, instructors activate
existing knowledge related to the topic. This helps
create a mental framework for understanding and
integrating new material. It can involve asking
questions, sharing personal experiences, or discussing
what learners already know.
Instead of presenting new information, or previously
learned skills and information, in isolation,
instructors connect it to the most current familiar
concepts or ideas. By linking the new content to
something recently applied, it becomes more relatable
and easier to comprehend and recall.
Using metaphors and analogies can be a powerful way to
link the known to the unknown. Comparing a new concept
to something familiar can make it more accessible.
The learning process typically starts with the basics
and progressively adds complexity. Learners move from
what they already understand to gradually more advanced
or nuanced concepts. This gradual progression minimizes
cognitive overload and enhances comprehension.
Gradually progressing from most recent experiences to
past learned experiences is also a tool for improvedlearning. Don’t assume that a pilot will draw these
links without instructor’s inputs. Most pilot might do
so, but it is the responsibility of an instructor to
trigger this link.
Relating new
information to real-
world applications
or scenarios helps
learners see the
practical relevance
of what they are
learning. This
connection can
motivate learners
and make the content
more meaningful.
Active engagement with the material, such as problem-
solving, discussions, or hands-on activities, enhances the linking process. Encouraging learners to apply what they know to solve problems or answer questions deepens their understanding.
Regular feedback and opportunities for reflection can
help learners adjust their mental models and correct
misconceptions as they connect what they know to the
new information.
Recognizing the cultural and personal relevance of the
material can strengthen the connection between known
and unknown information. Tailoring content to learners'
backgrounds and interests can facilitate this process.By following the principle of linking from known to
unknown, or from most recent experience to past
experience, aim to make the learning process more
efficient, effective, and engaging. This approach
acknowledges that individuals come to the learning
experience with prior knowledge and that building upon
that foundation can lead to deeper comprehension and
retention of new information.
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